Bruno Manser Fonds updated 2004-02-10 |
Tong Tana, January 2004Journal of the Bruno Manser Fondson the subjects of rain forests, indigenous rights and timber trade
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ml - Serge Latouche, emeritus professor at Paris-Sud University, published in the November issue of Le Monde Diplomatique a plea "for a society of declining growth" (Serge Latouche: "Circulus virtuosus", Le Monde Diplomatique, Nov. 2003) – a view heard very rarely, particularly from politicians. Declining growth, for Latouche, is a "pure necessity". For the wealth generated by our growth society is increasingly proving to be an illusion: alongside the increasing purchasing power of the individual there are even faster growing costs of a partly monetary, partly non-monetary kind: "The quality of life (air, water, environment) is clearly worsening. The modern way of life inflicts massive compensation and reparation costs (medicine, transportation, leisure time activities). The goods which are becoming scarcer are also becoming more and more expensive (mineral water, energy, green spaces)."
Latouche’s ideas are not completely new. In 1972, after two decades of unparalleled economic growth, a research group led by Dennis Meadows showed in its report of the same name the limits of growth, and the general public sat up and took notice. In the same year, a handful of North American protesters against nuclear testing founded the organization Greenpeace; the time was right, as a new environmental awareness was awakening in many people. Nevertheless, societies today still seem to be dammed to a constant economic growth, getting into dire straits when growth then doesn’t happen, which in turn leads to unemployment and cuts in public spending. Economic growth is measured here purely quantitatively, on the basis of monetary and goods flow. The so-called external costs which are hard to put into numbers – caused, for example, by damage to the environment – are ignored most of the time.
The transition to a sustainable economy and way of life is one of the biggest challenges of this century. It is time to say goodbye to the central idea of (purely quantitative) growth for growth’s sake. For the evidence is increasing, even for the layperson, that the growth propagandized by the economy and politics is a cancerous one: a growth that eventually destroys the organism it thrives on. The organism in question is the Earth, whose natural resources are being plundered at a frightening speed worldwide. A healthy growth, on the other hand, would be a qualitative one, in which, for example, an equal level of national production could be reached with plainly less impact on the environment – this kind of growth, though, is never shown in conventional statistics.
In order that the reorientation (you could also say: the revolution) can succeed in creating sustainability, on the one hand structural measures at a political level will be necessary, in order to ensure that the destruction of the environment is no longer profitable (keywords: true costs, ecological tax reform). On the other hand, the revolution must also take place in our heads. When more and more people understand that egoism and the insatiable greed for consumer goods will, at the end of the day, lead us nowhere; when we realize that an Earth has been entrusted into our care which is unique in its riches and beauty and which we should hand over to the coming generations undamaged – then it seems a real possibility that we will become immune to the advertising machinery, which is ever inventing new "needs", striving to turn us into consumer slaves until we are sucking at its breast like starving babies. Maybe then we will also notice that we are able to let go of many of the things we think we cannot do without today: all the unnecessary toys and status symbols, all the distractions and pleasures which are meant to prevent us from being alone by ourselves for even just one hour. It is very possible that in this way we will live more freely and more happily.
The Penan way of life is not reliant on growth. For as long as living memory they have lived with their natural environment in a state of equilibrium. Through the intrusion of the global robber economy in their ancestral habitat they are in danger of losing their self-determination and century-old culture. This would be a heavy loss for the whole of humankind, for what we "civilized" people urgently need to learn from the Penan is this: how to live from and with nature without destroying it.
After Bruno Manser’s example we are continuing to campaign for greater support of the protection of the forests and their people. You can help us in this by aiming yourself to respect the natural resources – in your home, in your club, in your community – and also, of course, by giving a donation. Thank you!
jk - Pa-tik is situated between the headwaters of the rivers Limbang und Baram, at the edge of the Kelabit highlands and within the planned Pulong Tau National Park. After the Kelabit had left to go in the direction of Bario and Long Lellang, Penan nomads soon settled in the area – with the government’s backing. Here, in the mountains, the last intact forests of Sarawak can be found. Today, around 200 Penan live in Pa-tik, which has also become a centre for the nomadic groups in the region.
Towards the end of the 1980s, three companies began logging, despite opposition and with complete disregard for the fields and orchards. As a consequence, the piped water supply constructed by the Sarawak health department was also destroyed, and what’s even worse, the trees along the river were cut too. Apart from the dirty water, the Penan have suffered as a result of the acute food shortage, both of which cause illness. As compensation for the damages, one of the companies built a church and a small house for the flying doctor. In addition, they delivered a generator for the rice mill. Despite various petitions by the Penan since the 80s demanding protection of their territory, however, the destructive work continued in the community forest of Pa-tik. In April 2002 a new, well-known Shin Yang Company invaded the community forest again. In order to prevent this company from intruding any further, the Penan marked off the periphery of their territory, which drove the Shin Yang manager crazy. He threatened the Penan with the police and arrests, and ordered them to leave the area and move to the Pulong Tau National Park instead, if they still wanted to live in the forest.
At the beginning of October 2003 the inhabitants of Pa-tik, led by the village chief Melai Na, made their way to the base camp of Shin Yang to negotiate – in vain. Shin Yang pushed their way into the actual source region of the Ngela River. As a consequence the Penan erected a mini-blockade, which, however, remained unguarded as it was planting time in Sarawak. The Shin Yang manager then brought the police to the blockade, who tried to arrest the village chief and any potential protesters; they were unsuccessful, though, as the village chief had already left for Marudi, where he was hoping to explain the unfortunate situation to the district officer and ask for help. The administrator’s succinct reply, however, was that they should have stayed in Pa-tik, as the manager had been looking for him, ready to negotiate. Shin Yang only wants to help! Following that, the Penan went on to the department of health, where they received a document from an official, prohibiting Shin Yang from operating within the water catchment of Pa-tik – as complies with the law. A copy of the document was sent to the department of forestry to enable appropriate steps to be taken. In the meantime, however, several bulldozers had already gathered in two different places on Penan land. On December 4 the inhabitants of Pa-tik made their way together to one of these current logging areas, in order to seek dialog. However, the manager had already left to fetch the police and police field force, whereupon the Penan went to the second logging site and asked the workers to drive them by bulldozer to the base camp – which they refused to do. So the Penan built another blockade, rendered the logger roads impassable and created an effective roadblock further towards the valley using a huge tree trunk. Upon this, the loggers left the area and since then have made their camp outside of Penan land. Tension, fear and despair are immense. And so far, the natives have always been persecuted and punished – even if the loggers such as Shin Yang violate the law (logging inside the water catchment area) and, on top of that, are still raging within the Pulung Tau National Park. The Penan have asked for the necessary documentation from the mapping project to be processed as fast as possible, so that legal proceedings can be instigated against Shin Yang. The cartography of their land rights and usufruct, as well as the historical documentation, will be tackled at the start of 2004.
Pa-tik at the edge of disappearance: Don’t buy timber from our forest!
jk – The community mapping project, financed to a significant degree by the "Art for Tropical Forests" foundation (à www.artfortropicalforests.org), is now entering its third year. Meanwhile, the land rights and usufruct as well as the historical provenance of eight Penan settlements and three nomadic groups have so far been documented. The up and running proceedings of four Penan settlements from the headwater of the Baram River have been broken off due to the appearance of various new pieces of evidence and witnesses for the defence (Samling Company and the government of Sarawak) but they will resume in the new year – hopefully going in favour of the Penan! Further actions were filed together on behalf of three settlements and two nomadic groups. Around a dozen Penan are meanwhile carrying out the field and office work on their own, supported by local organizations. Parallel to the investigations, so called "paralegal"-workshops are being organized, each one training members of several different settlements in their rights and liabilities with respect to the authorities and loggers. As a consequence, the already remarkable cohesion and closeness of the Penan are further fostered. Various Penan communities have asked to be accepted onto the program, and the plan is to try to give preference to urgent cases. Now, "Art for Tropical Forests" has given a further 140’000 Swiss francs’ support to the 3 year-program – many thanks indeed!
The mapping team doing office works
jk – While transcribing Bruno’s diaries, I came across the following notes from 1989, which give a good insight into the relations between the Penan and the Kelabit and also into the migration and movements of these original inhabitants of Sarawak.
Mediation I.
Berehem is carrying a wild boar on his back on his way to Bareo, in order to sell it at the school there. The former village chief of Kuba-an blocks his way and demands to be given the kill, since it comes from his old settlement area. – Berehem refuses and demands payment for his efforts in return. Then the Ketuá Kampong* threatens to evict him from the land. The Pungulú** of Bareo mediates in the dispute, saying to the plaintiff: "We are both Kellabits. You come from Kuba-an-River, I myself from the Main River. We have both settled down here in Bareo. What would you say if the original dwellers of Bareo wanted to evict us? – The plaintiff stayed silent.
* village leader
** chief of several hamlets
Mediation II
We Penan from Pa-tik were summoned to a hearing in Bareo. There were many Kellabit, men and women, gathered there, while we numbered only five. – After the prayer, we heard the grievance: "We do not allow you to eat fruit from our former settlement area. Those are not wild fruit trees, they’ve been planted – and you are breaking the law."
Old Abeng rose: "Yes, I’m the one who climbs your trees by the path when I’m carrying stilts for you!" – "Oh, that’s just an excuse because you want to eat fruit. It’s not you – as old and weak as we are – who carries the stilts*, but the young. – But when you arrive there with your family, the woman says: Oh, pick me this fruit – and that one – and that one, and the children call out the same, and in the end, there’s nothing left for us. (Laughter) – But you violate the law and the words of us village chiefs – and it doesn’t befit you!" (Silence, for a long time)
None of the accused Penans knows what to say. – Then Berehem rises with a serious air: "We are not kings, only servants. Where we work on your plantations for you, we will also eat. For your plantations also live through us. – Do you demand commission perhaps from the wild boar, the stag or the monkey who eat from your fruit? – You women, those of you who want to forbid us to eat fruit, raise your hands. – I think the good Lord makes the fruit – or do you bring the fruit blessing? – So tell me, when do you make the fruit? – By the light of the oil lamps? By the electric light of the night? Or of the day? On what day do you bid the fruit to turn ripe?" (Silence).
"You men, how can you claim to have the power to make fruit? – Just as you carve a bush knife sheath, just as you weave a rattan ring around a knife handle, just as you craft a rug, you make the fruit? – If you can do this, show us! – We think the good Lord has made the fruit. And bear this in mind: your houses have not only been built by you; we Penans carried all the stilts and pillars." (Long silence).
Then the prayer leader rose to speak: "Yes, if that’s the way it is, whenever you pass by any fruit, you are welcome to eat from it. But pick only the ripe fruit and don’t cut any branches off! What do the village chiefs say?" –
"Yes – we are agreed. In that way, there will be some left over for us when we pass by, too."
(After Berehem Ná, Pa-tik)
* Pretty much all houses in Bareo stand on stilts, which have been carried on Penan backs. To transport a stilt weighing roughly 30 kg, the Penan need three days and get paid 13.00 Malaysian Ringgit (5 Swiss francs, 1989)
jk – "We are proposing that the EU reject timber products from Malaysia as there are indications that most of them are made of logs taken from illicit sources," the Indonesian Minister of Forestry Muhammad Prakosa said. At present, the EU and Indonesia are discussing measures for the preservation of the severely damaged Indonesian forests. Indonesia would like the agreement to obligate the EU to screen all timber imports from Malaysia and to reject those suspected of involving illegally logged timber in Indonesia. Prakosa is optimistic that the EU will accept this recommendation. The agreement is expected to be signed these days. Already, Japan has ratified a similar deal and rejects products from Malaysia, Singapore and China made from Indonesian timber. The Minister of Forestry has repeatedly pointed out that these three countries are the biggest takers of the illegally logged trees smuggled out of the country. Prakosa has dropped plans to hold talks with the three countries: "There will be no bilateral talks with Malaysia and Singapore since they are uncooperative. To date, both countries consider they have the right to legally use the smuggled logs, and blame Indonesia for its lack of preventative efforts. So what we will do instead is to approach buyer countries to reject their products."
Illegal logging is one of Indonesia’s most serious problems and is causing considerable damage to the rainforests as well as to the environment in general. Often local government officials and military personnel are involved. The timber companies from Sarawak play a key role, and in Kalimantan they are a driving force behind the criminal goings on, corrupting village chiefs and local government officials while riding roughshod over national legislation – even, as satellite pictures prove, in the transnational nature reserve Kayan-Mentarang/Pulong Tau National Park! The volume of illegally logged timber is estimated at 50.7 million mł, resulting in annual losses of around US$3.37 billion. 14’500 km˛ of Indonesian rainforest are lost every year (though according to the reputable World Resources Institute, it is closer to 20’000 km˛, even), while legal logging concerns an area of only 6’700 km˛. Since 1950 Indonesia has lost 640’000 km˛ of forest!
The Malaysian godfathers of the global timber mafia were not standing for it. Knowing all the tricks, the minister of industry Dr Lim – a familiar face to the EU, too – consistently denies all accusations and said with reference to the import ban of unprocessed logs from Indonesia imposed by Malaysia in June 2002: "It is not nice to enact unilateral measures such as this import ban, but out of respect for Indonesia we are telling them that we do not want their timber, because it ruins our timber prices." The accusations only showed the frustration caused by Indonesia’s inability to stop this criminal activity, according to Lim, who stated that all timber from Malaysia comes from sustainable forestry, as confirmed, amongst others, by the Swiss monitoring company Societé Général de Surveillance SGS. A speaker for the Malaysian Timber Council added that such import bans contradict WTO regulations, since they would be only concerned with forcing the competitors out of the market…
Source: Jakarta Post, October 15, 2003, www.malaysiakini.com, October 15, 2003, New Straits Times, October 20, 2003, Sarawak Tribune, October 29, 2003
Bukit Lawang, resort-village at the Gunung Leuser Nationalpark in Sumatra was swept away by a flood coming out of the "protected" area - because of illegal logging in and around the park - killing over 200 villagers and tourists on november 4th, 2003. Foto: Suherry Aprianto/Paneco (www.paneco.ch)
jk – Meanwhile the public procurement offices of 355 Swiss municipalities have stopped using timber produced by overlogging (of primary forests) while at the same time are supporting the adoption of recycling paper. For the (few) cases where conventional white paper made of new cellulose is necessary, these municipalities use FSC-certified paper. Since March 2003, the following municipalities have become forest friendly:
Amriswil TG, Blauen BL, Boltigen BE, Bonaduz GR, Bürglen UR, Chêne-Bourg GE, Hagneck BE, Küsnacht ZH, Lenzburg AG, Lüscherz BE, Sachseln OW, Satigny GE, Spiez BE, Urdorf ZH, Vinelz BE, Zollikofen BE - congratulations!!!
à The action is still running – make your municipality forest friendly! All the necessary documents can be found on the Internet at: www.urwaldfreundlich.ch – there, you will also find a list of all the forest friendly Swiss municipalities and lots of valuable documents in german, french and italian!
jk – The Federal Government should also become forest friendly – after all, it is THE standard in everyone’s eyes. For this reason, BMF and Greenpeace handed a petition over to the Federal Council on 24 September demanding that the Federal Administration fundamentally reduce its paper wastage – and finally start using forest friendly paper. With a daily consumption of 1’137 million sheets of paper, the "forest friendly potential" is obvious! Only 40% of the more than 400 million sheets of paper per year is recycling paper – even though a directive from 1994 notes that "files of no lasting value should always be photocopied or printed on recycling paper, as far as this is possible or reasonable on technical and economic grounds". Both are undoubtedly the case: recycling paper can be archived with no trouble for 40 years; and the patina (yellowing from the light) contributes to the charm of otherwise soulless files! Nevertheless, the proportion of recycling paper in the past year has actually fallen by 4%. For that reason, we presented the Federal Administration with 700’000 sheets of recycling paper, which we piled up to form a tower: a forest friendly daily ration reaching for the sky!
The fact that using recycling paper is wise not only from a technical but also from an economical point of view was proven by the canton Geneva, which saves 200 000 Swiss francs per year as a result of its consistent conversion.
Participating in the action was the Federal Councillor Maya Graf (Green Party/Basle), whose motion of 20 March 2003 demanded the use of recycling paper. It wouldn’t harm the Federal Council in the slightest to accept this demand as a binding motion – which corresponds absolutely with the aforementioned directive and the Council’s own recommendation from March 2002: to take concrete action towards the sustainable use of our planet’s resources, for example in the case of timber and paper procurement.
Maya Graf, MP for the green party helps BMF- and Greenpeace-activists to build a daily-ration-tower of recycling paper for the federal government.
jk – We made it! Thanks to prompt donations from private individuals, as well as generous support from various institutions and corporations, we have enough money for the realization of the book project! We still need a few thousand francs more for the compensation of the work done by the BMF and a few venturesome sympathizers, but nothing stands in the way any more of the presentation of this substantial piece of work at the Basle Book Fair from May 7 – 9 2004. Happily, over 200 orders have already been placed with us, too – the more books we can sell directly, the more the BMF will profit. The quality of the book has even been enhanced: thanks to the obligingness of the Basler Druck+Verlag AG, the book will now be printed in color throughout and will contain 650 pages – for the same price of CHF98!
You can find a 16-page excerpt on our website – www.bmf.ch – which will give you a good idea of the final product - even though it is in german. Secure yourself a copy of this unique document soon, as it is only going to appear in a limited edition – many thanks!
We will report on the book in detail – giving due thanks to all those involved – in the newsletter of next spring.
Mutations at the BMF
jk - On August 30 the members of the Bruno Manser Fonds met for the annual general meeting in Basel. Alongside the annual report for 2002 and year plan for 2003, the reelection of the board of directors was at the forefront. Once it was clear that due to the financial situation a thorough analysis of the scope of work and the orientation of the BMF was inevitable, the board wanted to make space for new heads and ideas. The BMF would like to thank Michael Studer, Michael Mettler, and Thys Meyer, who have stepped down, for their dedicated work on the board, as well as the three colleagues who, as a consequence of the poor financial situation, have had to leave. We are well on our way to achieving the aims of the financial reorganization measures – i.e. to be free of debt by the end of the year and to be able to create a second secretarial position in May 2004 – and as concerns the debts we had, we have already reached our goal – thanks, also, to your help!
At present, the new board of directors is working on a concept which, in the future, should bring a budgetary surplus and enable an expansion of the BMF activities, to include, for example, the pygmies in Africa. The huge experience of each of the new members of the board – Roger Graf (former secretary of the BMF), Christoph Wiedmer (Greenpeace forest campaigner), and Dominik Bucheli (former secretarial assistant) – will be most advantageous in this process – welcome on board!
jk – No trace of Bruno! Sadly, our attempts to find out more about Bruno’s fate have so far been in vain. A second search (2002) by Bruno’s brother – and, yes, even the third (2003) – brought no results. The fact that Bruno has disappeared so utterly without a trace nourishes the suspicion that an unknown party played a role in his disappearance. The Malaysian authorities as well as the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs have broken off all active enquiries until new clues turn up.
At our request Bruno’s personal effects seized in 1986 on the occasion of two arrests were finally returned in Spring 2002, but the diaries confiscated then, which were what we were really after, were still missing. According to Malaysia these diaries do not even exist.
We report on our activities every time in our newsletters. Thanks to the increased working hours of the BMF staff, we were able to take on a variety of tasks. Focal points were the campaign "Pristine-Forest-Friendly Community", launched together with Greenpeace (à www.urwaldfreundlich.ch); the community mapping project of the Penan in Sarawak, which is the basis for the actions brought to court against the government and loggers; the dispute with the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO); the exhibitions in Olten and Bern (including a party); the new internet presentation; the diary project; the political advances in the National Assembly (Nationalrat); and public relations. Besides all this, we took care of the – sometimes voluminous – daily business. 2002 was an intensive year, as the media presence, visitor numbers at the exhibitions, numerous enquiries from private individuals, the business world, and public institutions, as well as our collaborations with partner organizations show. The strategy, therefore, of reaching the public to a greater degree through increased activity, worked – unfortunately, though, it did not generate the additional financial means we had expected. The amount of donations matched that of the previous year, which against the backdrop of a generally poor year for donations (decreases of up to 25%) is an acceptable achievement. However, this still led to a financial squeeze, demanding drastic measures.
Consequently, the mandate contracts with Claude Haltmeyer and Andersson Mutang Urud, as well as the employment contract with Hansruedi Dietrich, were terminated in the first half of 2003, and the secretary’s wages and benefits were cut. We gave up the store room and abstained from any purchases. With the cutbacks in the production, size, run, and dispatch of the newsletter, we made the most out of the potential we had for saving money.
jk – In 2002 the BMF received a total of 320’000 Swiss francs. However, since the mapping project – financed mainly by the foundation "Art for Tropical Forests" (à www.artfortropicalforests.org) – ran over the years 2002/2003, we put 60’000 Swiss francs to one side for 2003. To aggravate the situation, the mapping project was already generating expenses from as early as January 2002, while the annual contribution from the foundation had a validity period from November 2002 - October 2003. Also, the costs of the legal proceedings only provisionally calculable. This resulted in a loss of a steep 97’000 francs at a total expenditure of 357’000 francs. Nevertheless: with 100’000 francs, more funds flowed to the Penan and our partners in Sarawak than ever before! Besides the mapping project, this money also supported the Penan secretariat, protest actions such as roadblocks, legal help in the case of arrests, and a historic meeting of the Penan. The sum was exceeded only by the BMF salaries, which amounted to 130’000 francs in total. The newsletter, with production costs of just under 50’000 francs, was the third largest item entered in our books.
We would like to thank wholeheartedly everyone who supported and made possible all our efforts, by giving a donation or lending a hand. We consider carefully how each franc we receive can be best put to use, and we are always happy to provide you personally with any further information. Alongside the foundation "Art for Tropical Forests" from Basel our special thanks belong to the patrons, whose donations together amounted to over 80 000 francs:
Jeanne Rouiller, Basel - Renate et Alex Rabus, Neuchâtel - Barbara Hartmann, Milken - Hanna Buess-Wirp, Wenslingen - Greenpeace Schweiz, Zürich - Hans-Peter & Marianne Ming, Zumikon - Nanni Reinhart-Schinz, Winterthur - Silvana Immobilien AG, St.Gallen - Urs-Peter Stäuble, Rüti bei Büren - Kein Stolz auf Tropenholz!, Grub/AR - Samuel Buri, Basel - Andreas Ochsenbein, Riehen - Marcus Wiedmer-Müller, Sissach - Ebi-Pharm AG, Jürg & Erika Binz, Kirchlindach - Daniel und Barbara Strub-Roth, Schönenbuch - Simon N. Birchmeier, Würenlingen - Ruedi Mettler-Wahlandt, St. Gallen - Paul Ernst, Sulgen - Jean-Jacques, Belet, Ecublens - Finanzverwaltung der Einwohnergemeinde Evilard, Evilard - Fernande Gächter, Winterthur - Schenker-Winkler Holding AG, Baar - Katharina Perez-Nathan, Sala Capriasca - Janine Rensch, Zürich - Ervan Rutishauser, Veigy-Foncenex - Jörg & Anna Hess, Grabs - Rosmarie Mettler, Zollikon - Annette, Bühler, Zürich - Karl Friedrich Tramer, Stein am Rhein - Yves Crausaz, Gilly - Sarah Main Ellis-Bracher, Bienne - Hochbauamt Stadt St. Gallen - Alex Zürcher, Bern - Kesselreinigung Rüegg GmbH, Wohlen - Einwohnergemeinde Solothurn - Martin Lobsiger, Oberscherli.
In 2002, also, we were heavily reliant on the work of volunteers. For instance, for several weeks helpers worked on the utensils needed for BMF presentations. The exhibitions in Olten and Bern, the protests and press conferences, and, of course, the sending of the newsletters, too – all this could not have happened without the involvement of the following helpers: Erika Müri-Marrer (accounting), Walter Brunner, Dany Endres, Michel Bovey, Andrea Niedermann, Michi Studer, Moni Manser, Yvonne Stein, Sylvia Kaspar, Lisbeth Dietrich, Andrea Stöcklin, Chantal Pfiffner, Rosmarie Künzli, and Daniel Casimiro: our heartfelt thanks!
jk – On 11 December, 2003 a hearing took place in the Basle court of justice to clarify whether Bruno’s life had been in danger at the time of his disappearance. Only when this is the case can someone be declared presumed dead and, at a later point, declared dead – before the length of time laid down by the law has run out. The five judges addressed Bruno’s "relationship" with the Malaysian loggers and the government of Sarawak, the head money that had been placed on him, but also the dangers lurking in the rainforest, all the more so as Bruno was travelling alone. They decided that the conditions existed for an increased risk of death, which in turn opens the next proceedings. For one year, Bruno will be publicly announced in Switzerland and in Malaysia as missing. If, following this, there are no clues as to Bruno’s whereabouts, he will, from December 2004, be officially presumed dead.
Bruno Manser, Foto: Keith Snow
Published by Bruno-Manser-Fonds (BMF)
Society for the peoples of the rainforest
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Editor/Author: John Künzli
Drawings: Bruno Manser
Translations: Sandra Lilley (English); Robert Gogel (French)
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